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BATTERIES FOR ALTERNATIVE APPLICATIONS
Standalone and battery-backup PV and other systems require battery storage. Photovoltaic modules, hydroelectric generators, or wind turbine generators charge the batteries when energy is available and the batteries store and supply the power when it is needed, like at night or during cloudy weather.
East Penn Batteries
Rolls/Surrette Battery
GNB Batteries
IBE POWR-Plus Batteries
HuP Solar-One Batteries
Battery Enclosures
Battery Size
The size of the battery bank required depends on the storage capacity required, the maximum discharge rate, the maximum charge rate, and the minimum temperature at which the batteries will be used. When designing a power system, all these factors are looked at and the one requiring the largest capacity will dictate battery size. Temper has a significant on lead-acid batteries. At 40°F they will have 75% of rated capacity, and at 0°F their capacity drops to 50%. The storage capacity of a battery, the amount of electrical energy it can hold, is usually expressed in amp-hours. If one amp is used for 100 hours, then 100 amp-hours have been used. A battery in a PV power system should have sufficient amp-hour capacity to supply needed power during the longest expected period of cloudy weather. A lead-acid battery should be sized at least 20% larger than this amount. If there is a source of backup power, such as a standby generator with a battery charger, the battery bank does not have to be sized for worst-case weather conditions.
Lead-Acid Batteries
Lead-Acid batteries are the most common in PV systems because their initial cost is lower and because they are readily available nearly everywhere in the world. There are many different sizes and designs of lead-acid batteries, but the most important designation is whether they are deep cycle batteries or shallow-cycle batteries. Shallow-cycle batteries, like the starting batteries in automobiles, are designed to supply a large amount of current for a short time and to stand mild overcharge without losing electrolyte. However, they cannot tolerate being deeply discharged. If they are repeatedly discharged more than 20% their life will be very short. These batteries are not a good choice for a PV system. Deep cycle batteries are designed to be repeatedly discharged by as much as 80% of their capacity so they are a good choice for PV systems.
Even though they are designed to withstand deep cycling, these batteries will have a longer life if cycles are shallower. All lead-acid batteries ffail prematurely when they are not recharged completely after each cycle. Letting a lead-acid battery stay in a discharged condition for days at a time will cause a permanant loss of capacity. Sealed deep cycle lead-acid batteries (gel cells and absorbed glass mat) are maintenance-free. They never need watering or an equalization charge. Sealed batteries require very accurate regulation to prevent over-charge and over-discharge. Either of these conditions will drastically shorten their lives. We recommend sealed batteries for remote, unattended power systems.
Caring for Lead-Acid Batteries
Always use extreme caution when handling batteries and electrolyte. Wear gloves, goggles and old clothes. "Battery acid" will burn skin and eyes and destroy cotton and wool clothing.
The quickest way to ruin lead-acid batteries is to discharge them deeply and let them stand "dead" for an extended time. The positive plates change from lead oxide to lead sulfate when discharged. If they remain in the lead sulfate state for a few days, part of the plate does not return to lead oxide when the battery is recharged. The parts of the plates that become "sulfated" no longer store energy.
Batteries that are deeply discharged and then charged partially on a regular basis can fail in less than one year. Check your batteries on a regular basis to be sure they are getting charged. Use a hydrometer to check the specific gravity of your lead-acid batteries. If batteries are cycled very deeply and then recharged slowly, the specific gravity reading will be lower because of incomplete mixing of electrolyte. Check the electrolyte level in wet-cell batteries at least four times a year and top-off each cell with distilled water. Do not add water to discharged cells. Electrolyte is absorbed when batteries are discharged. If you add water at this time and then recharge the battery, electrolyte will overflow and make a mess. Keep the tops of your batteries clean and check that cables are tight. Do not tighten or remove cables while charging or discharging. Any spark around batteries can cause a hydrogen explosion inside, and ruin one of the cells, and you. It is a good idea to do an equalizing charge when some cells show a variation of 0.05 specific gravity from each other. This is a long steady overcharge, bringing the battery to a gassing or bubbling state. Do not equalize sealed or gel-type batteries.
With proper care, lead-acid batteries will have a long service life and work very well in almost any power system. With poor treatment, lead-acid battery life will be very short. We strongly recommend the use of an amp-hour meter with all battery systems.
Typical Battery Wiring Examples
